Jibril (Peace be upon him): The Archangel

Jibril (Peace be upon him) holds a unique and central role in Islam, serving as the messenger between Allah ﷻ and His prophets, delivering revelations, guiding in times of need, and offering wisdom. In this article, we will delve into the nature of angels, Jibril’s (AS) unparalleled characteristics, his appearances in Islamic history, and his relationship with Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, backed by hadiths and verses from the Qur’an.

Who and What Are Angels?

In Islam, angels (mala'ika) are divine creations made from light, unlike humans, who are created from clay, and jinn, created from smokeless fire.

"The angels were created from light, the jinn were created from smokeless fire, and Adam was created from what has been described to you [i.e., clay]."
(Sahih Muslim 2996)

Angels have no free will and exist purely to serve Allah’s ﷻ commands. This is affirmed in the Qur'an:

Physical Attributes of Angels

Angels have specific physical attributes that are awe-inspiring. Their most distinctive feature is their wings, which vary in number and size. Allah ﷻ says in the Qur’an: 

Angels are genderless, as they do not procreate, eat, drink, or sleep or possess human physical traits. They are also immune to sin and always remain in a state of complete submission to Allah ﷻ, continuously serving and worshipping Him.

"And to Allah ˹alone˺ prostrates ˹in submission whatever that is in the heavens and whatever that is on the earth of living creatures, as do the angels and—who are not too proud ˹to do so.'"
(Surah Al Nahl: 49)

Belief in angels is a fundamental part of Islamic faith, and the Qur'an emphasizes this belief in several verses, and highlights the interconnectedness of the aspects of faith, some of these verses in Surah Al Baqarah:

 

Jibril’s Unique Nature Among Angels

Among the angels, Jibril (AS) is exceptional. Despite the shared origin of being created from light, Jibril (AS) is repeatedly referred to in the Qur'an with terms like "spirit," setting him apart in terms of his role and the nature of his being. 

While angels are made from light (nur), spirit (ruh) in Jibril’s case suggests an additional layer of spiritual significance. The term "ruh" (spirit) is used in the Qur'an to indicate life and divine energy, as in the creation of Adam (AS), where Allah ﷻ breathed a spirit into him, signifying life and the soul. This distinction is mentioned several times in the Quran, specifically mentioning Jibril (AS) as "the Spirit", for example:

Jibril (AS) is known by several names in the Qur'an and hadith, each highlighting his attributes:

1. Jibril (Arabic: جبريل): Also known as "Gabriel" in English. Jibril (AS) is the most commonly known name, meaning "Servant/Man of God" where "Jibr" means "Man/Servant" and "El" means Allah ﷻ. A variant of the name is "Jibra'il" and it translates to "Allah ﷻ is my strength." It is mentioned thrice in the Qur'an, including in Surah Al-Baqarah: 

2. Al Ruh al-Amin (The Trustworthy Spirit): This name emphasizes his integrity and responsibility in delivering Allah's ﷻ revelations without alteration: 

3. Ruh al-Qudus (The Holy Spirit): Jibril (AS) is often referred to as the Holy Spirit, a title that signifies his role in guiding the prophets: 

4. Al-Namus al-Akbar (The Great Law-Bearer): This title was given to Jibril (AS) by Waraqah ibn Nawfal, Lady Khadijah’s cousin, who recognized him as the same angel who delivered the Torah to Musa (Moses, AS).

Jibril's Roles as The Archangel

1. Jibril as the Leader of Angels

Jibril’s (AS) position as the leader of angels is emphasized by his authority, strength, and closeness to Allah ﷻ. As an archangel, he leads other angels in carrying out Allah’s ﷻ commands and holds a unique rank, higher than other angels, including Mika'il and Israfil (AS). His immense authority and leadership are implied in several parts of the Qur'an and Hadith.

Jibril’s Leadership and Strength

The Qur'an describes Jibril (AS) as possessing immense power and is obeyed by the other angels due to his high status being near Allah ﷻ:

"Indeed, it is a revelation sent down by the Lord of the worlds, brought down by the Trustworthy Spirit (Jibril) upon your heart [O Muhammad]—so that you may be one of the warners."
(Surah Ash-Shu'ara: 192-194)

"He [Jibril] is the one possessed of power, with the Owner of the Throne, secure [in position], obeyed there [in the heavens] and trustworthy."
(Surah At-Takwir: 20-21)

In these verses, Jibril (AS) is described as "possessed of power" and "obeyed in the heavens," highlighting his authority over other angels and the esteem with which he is regarded. His closeness to Allah ﷻ as a servant who is always in His presence further emphasizes his leadership role. 

As for Jibril's (AS) mention in hadith, the Prophet ﷺ used to begin his nightly prayer with the following:

From Abu Salama ibn Abdur-Rahman ibn Awf, he said: I asked Aisha (RA), the Mother of the Believers, "With what did the Prophet of Allah ﷺ begin his prayer when he stood to pray at night?" She said: "When he stood to pray at night, he would begin his prayer with: 'O Allah, Lord of Jibril, Mika'il, and Israfil, Creator of the heavens and the earth, Knower of the unseen and the seen, You judge between Your servants concerning that wherein they differ. Guide me to the truth concerning that wherein they differ by Your permission; for indeed You guide whom You will to the Straight Path.'"

Leader in Battles

Jibril’s (AS) leadership extends beyond delivering revelation. He also led angels into battles, particularly in the Battle of Badr, where he commanded an army of angels sent by Allah ﷻ to assist the Muslim fighters. The Qur'an mentions:

"Indeed, I will reinforce you with a thousand from the angels, following one another."
(Surah Al-Anfal: 9)

This demonstrates Jibril's (AS) role as a military leader for the angels, directly supporting the Muslim community in their most critical moments.

Jibril's Role in Laylat Al Qadr

Laylat al-Qadr (The Night of Decree) is considered the most sacred night in Islam, occurring in the last ten days of Ramadan. It is described as the night when the Qur'an was first revealed to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and is better than a thousand months in terms of worship and blessings. On this night, the angels descend to earth, led by Jibril (AS), bringing peace and divine decree for the year. 

Jibril’s (AS) role is significant as he leads the angels to fulfill Allah’s ﷻ commands, delivering peace and blessings to the believers. It is a night when prayers are answered, sins are forgiven, and destinies are decreed (Read more).

2. Jibril (AS) as the Trustworthy Messenger

The title "Al Ruh al-Amin" (The Trustworthy Spirit) is one of the most important designations for Jibril (AS). His primary role throughout history has been as the conveyor of divine messages. This responsibility was given to him exclusively, and he delivered revelations to various prophets, including Musa (Moses, AS), Isa (Jesus, AS), and Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

Deliverer of Revelations

Jibril’s (AS) most significant role in Islamic theology is as the messenger of divine revelation. His task is to transmit the words of Allah ﷻ exactly as they are, without any alteration. His trustworthiness in this task is emphasized in multiple verses, most notably in Surah Al-Baqarah:

"Say, whoever is an enemy to Jibril—it is he who has brought it [the Qur'an] down upon your heart by permission of Allah, confirming that which was before it and as guidance and good tidings for the believers."
(Surah Al-Baqarah: 97)

Additionally, he is referred to as "Al Ruh al-Amin" in Surah Ash-Shu'ara:

"Indeed, this [Qur'an] is a revelation from the Lord of the worlds, brought down by the Trustworthy Spirit. Upon your heart, [O Muḥammad] - that you may be of the warners."
(Surah Ash-Shu'ara: 192-194)

This title highlights the integrity and faithfulness of Jibril (AS). His delivery of the Qur’an to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was precise and safeguarded, ensuring the message of Allah ﷻ reached humanity exactly as it was intended.

Delivering Other Revelations

Jibril’s (AS) role as a trustworthy messenger extended to delivering the divine scriptures to other prophets. For instance, Jibril (AS) brought down the Torah to Prophet Musa (Moses, AS), and the Gospel to Prophet Isa (Jesus, AS). His continued presence in guiding all major revelations places him at the heart of divine communication throughout human history.

When Receiving Divine Messages

When Allah ﷻ speaks directly to Jibril (AS), the moment is described as incredibly awe-inspiring and profound. This event highlights the grandeur and majesty of Allah's ﷻ speech, which even the angels—beings created from light and continuously worshiping Allah ﷻ—are deeply affected by, and by which Jibril (AS) is not, given his strength and resilience. There is a well-known hadith that describes the reaction of the angels when they hear Allah's ﷻ speech, specifically when Allah ﷻ addresses Jibril (AS).

The Hadith, narrated by Abdullah ibn Mas'ud (RA), details what happens when Allah ﷻ speaks to Jibril (AS) and the impact it has on the angels: 

Although Jibril (AS) is primarily known for delivering messages, he also played a significant role as an instrument of divine punishment, especially in cases of severe transgression and disobedience to Allah ﷻ. This punitive role is evidenced in his destruction of sinful nations.

Destruction of the People Sodom and Gomorrah

One of the most famous incidents involving Jibril (AS) as a punisher is the destruction of the people of Prophet Lut (AS). The people of Sodom and Gomorrah were engaged in severe immoral practices, and Jibril (AS) was sent to execute divine punishment upon them.

According to Islamic tradition, Jibril’s (AS) power was so immense that he was able to lift the cities with just the tip of one of his wings, raising them so high that the inhabitants of heaven could hear their animals' cries. He then turned the cities upside down and hurled them back to earth, resulting in their complete destruction:

"So when Our command came, We made the highest part [of the city] its lowest and rained upon them stones of Sijjiil, [which were] marked from your Lord. And Allah’s punishment is not from the wrongdoers [very] far."
(Surah Hud: 82-83)

In one translation, the word Sijjiil means baked or hardened clay, and in another translation, it is believed that it is stone retrieved from hell itself, the same stone that is mentioned in Surah Al Fil.

Punishing Pharaoh and His Army

Jibril (AS) was also involved in the punishment of Pharaoh (Firaun) during the time of Musa (Moses, AS). When Musa (AS) and the Israelites were escaping through the parted Red Sea, Jibril (AS) played a role in ensuring that the waters closed upon Pharaoh and his army, drowning them, but saving the Pharoah's corpse so he may be an example.

"We brought the Children of Israel across the sea. Then Pharaoh and his soldiers pursued them unjustly and oppressively. But as Pharaoh was drowning, he cried out, “I believe that there is no god except that in whom the Children of Israel believe, and I am ˹now˺ of the Muslims. He was told,˺ “Now ˹you believe˺? But you always disobeyed and were one of the corruptors. Today We will preserve your corpse so that you may become an example for those who come after you. And surely most people are heedless of Our examples!”"
(Surah Yunus: 90-92)

Animosity towards Jibril (AS)

One of the most explicit mentions of hostility toward Jibril (AS) in the Qur'an comes from Surah Al-Baqarah (2:97-98). This passage addresses certain Jewish tribes in Madina during the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ who harbored animosity toward Jibril (AS). According to historical accounts, some of these Jewish tribes claimed that Jibril (AS) brought punishment and hardship, while they preferred Mika'il (Michael), whom they associated with blessings like rain and sustenance.

Furthermore, the enmity arose because of Jibril’s (AS) role in delivering divine revelation. As the bearer of Allah’s ﷻ commands, Jibril (AS) was sometimes associated with messages of judgment and warnings against sinful behavior. The Jewish tribes who opposed Jibril (AS) did so because they perceived him as the bringer of harsh laws or messages they did not want to accept. They falsely believed that by rejecting Jibril (AS), they could avoid the consequences of the messages he delivered. In response to this animosity, Allah ﷻ reveals:

Jibril (AS) and Other Prophets

Jibril (AS) has had significant interactions with other prophets before Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, in which he appeared in human form. Some of these appearances include: 

1. Maryam (Mary):

In these verses, Jibril (AS) is sent by Allah ﷻ to inform Maryam that she will give birth to Isa (Jesus, AS).

In these verses, Allah ﷻ recounts the favors bestowed upon Isa (AS), including the support provided by Jibril (the Holy Spirit, AS) during his life. It mentions some of Isa's (AS) miracles, like speaking as a baby, creating a bird from clay, healing the blind and leper, and raising the dead—all of which were supported by Allah's ﷻ permission.

"So eat and drink and be contented. And if you see from among humanity anyone, say, 'Indeed, I have vowed to the Most Merciful to abstain (from speaking), so I will not speak today to any man.' Then she came to her people carrying him, and they said, 'O Mary, you have certainly done a thing unprecedented. O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste.' So she pointed to him, and they said, 'How can we speak to one who is in the cradle, a child?' [Jesus] said, 'Indeed, I am the servant of Allah. He has given me the Scripture and made me a prophet. And He has made me blessed wherever I am and has enjoined upon me prayer and charity as long as I live. And [made me] dutiful to my mother, and He has not made me a wretched tyrant. And peace is on me the day I was born, the day I will die, and the day I am raised alive.' That is Jesus, the son of Mary—the word of truth about which they are in dispute."
(Surah Maryam: 26-35)

"Indeed, We gave Moses the Book and sent after him successive messengers. And We gave Jesus, son of Mary, clear proofs and supported him with the holy spirit. Why is it that every time a messenger comes to you ˹Israelites˺ with something you do not like, you become arrogant, rejecting some and killing others?"
(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:87)

"Those messengers - some of them We caused to exceed others. Among them were those to whom Allah spoke, and He raised some of them in degree. And We gave Jesus, the son of Mary, clear proofs, and We supported him with the Holy Spirit [Ruh al-Qudus]. If Allah had willed, those [generations] succeeding them would not have fought each other after the clear proofs had come to them. But they differed, and some of them believed and some of them disbelieved. And if Allah had willed, they would not have fought each other, but Allah does what He intends." 
(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:253)

"[The Day] when Allah will say, 'O Jesus, Son of Mary, remember My favor upon you and upon your mother when I supported you with the Holy Spirit [Ruh al-Qudus] and you spoke to the people in the cradle and in maturity; and when I taught you writing and wisdom and the Torah and the Gospel; and when you designed from clay [what was] like the form of a bird with My permission, then you breathed into it, and it became a bird with My permission; and you healed the blind and the leper with My permission; and when you brought forth the dead with My permission; and when I restrained the Children of Israel from [killing] you when you came to them with clear proofs, and those who disbelieved among them said, 'This is not but obvious magic.'"
(Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:110)

3. Ibrahim (Abraham, Peace be upon him)

In this surah, the angels, including Jibril (AS), visit Ibrahim (AS) as guests to deliver the news of the birth of a son and also to inform him of the destruction of the people of Lut (Lot, AS): 

4. Musa (Moses, Peace be upon him):

Jibril's (AS) Role in the Exodus and the Crossing of the Red Sea

During the Exodus, Jibril (AS) played a critical, though indirect, role in guiding Musa (Moses) and the Children of Israel to safety as they fled from Pharaoh’s army. The Qur'an describes the miraculous parting of the Red Sea as Musa (AS) struck the sea with his staff by Allah’s ﷻ command. The sea parted, allowing the Israelites to pass, while Pharaoh and his army drowned. Though Jibril (AS) is not named explicitly in this passage, his overall presence as a guiding force is implied. The Qur'an narrates:

"Then We inspired Musa, 'Strike with your staff the sea,' and it parted, and each portion was like a great towering mountain. And We advanced thereto the pursuers. And We saved Musa and those with him, all together. Then We drowned the others."
(Surah Ash-Shu'ara: 63-66)

Jibril (AS) and the Drowning of Pharaoh

In several accounts mentioned in the Quran, the fate of the Pharoah and his army has been mentioned, for example:

In a hadith, Jibril (AS) is mentioned as having a role in Pharaoh’s final moments. When Pharaoh, seeing his doom in the drowning waters, tried to declare faith, Jibril (AS) intervened to prevent him from uttering a sincere repentance by filling Pharaoh’s mouth with mud, as Allah's ﷻ mercy would have surely encompassed him, of which Jibril (AS) believed the Pharoah did not deserve, as he had declared himself a god. The hadith states:

"Ibn Abbas said: The Prophet ﷺ said, 'Jibril said to me: 'If you could have seen me when I was taking the mud from the sea and filling the mouth of Pharaoh, fearing that the mercy [of Allah] may reach him.'"
(Sunan At-Tirmidhi, 3107, graded Sahih)

The Golden Calf and Al-Samiri’s Deception

During Prophet Musa’s (AS) absence when he ascended Mount Sinai for 40 days to receive the Torah, Al-Samiri led the Israelites into worshipping a golden calf which they fashioned out of gold. Al-Samiri claimed he collected a handful of dust from the footprint of Jibril’s (AS) horse, which gave the calf a lowing sound, making it appear alive. This act of deception caused many to fall into idolatry. The Qur'an describes Musa’s (AS) confrontation with Al-Samiri:

Jibril’s (AS) Appearance
There are several things we know of Jibril's (AS) appearance from sunnah and the Holy Qur'an:

Appearance as Dihyah al-Kalbi

In some instances, Jibril /(AS) would take the form of Dihyah al-Kalbi, a companion of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ known for his striking beauty and appearance. This is mentioned in several hadiths, and it made it easier for Jibril (AS) to interact with the Prophet ﷺ and his companions without alarming them. One hadith mentions: 

Angelic Form

While Jibril (AS) frequently appeared in human form to convey Allah's ﷻ messages, he also has a magnificent true form. The Qur'an and the Prophetic traditions describe many of Jibril's (AS) attributes, including aspects of his creation and power, saying:

"Taught by one mighty in power, thu mirra; so he appeared in his true form"
(Surah An-Najm: 5-6)

Ibn Kathir commented on the verse in Surah An-Najm, explaining that the term "thu mirra" means "one who possesses great power", and others had said it means "good appearance", there is no contradiction between the two interpretations, as Jibril is both powerful and magnificent in appearance.

Jibril in The Sky

The Prophet's ﷺ Request

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ had encountered Jibril (AS) several times in human form, particularly during the revelation of the Qur'an, however, the Prophet ﷺ was curious to know what Jibril (AS) looked like in his full angelic form.

As Jibril's (AS) true form is overwhelmingly immense, he needed to ask Allah’s ﷻ permission before revealing himself in this manner to the Prophet ﷺ, and the reason for this is that Jibril’s (AS) true form is beyond what any human being can easily withstand and would be a life-altering and frightening experience, even for a prophet as spiritually attuned as Muhammad ﷺ. Allah ﷻ granted the Prophet's ﷺ request, and Jibril (AS) and Prophet Muhammed ﷺ set out to the desert.

When Prophet Muhammad ﷺ saw Jibril (AS) in his true form, he was overwhelmed by the sheer size of the angel, that he lost consciousness.  According to some narrations, he could only see up to Jibril’s (AS) knees and saw that his wings were so vast that they spanned from the east to the west.

Masruq narrated: "..I said, 'O Mother of the Believers, let me ask you, didn’t Allah say, "And he (the Prophet) certainly saw him in another descent" (Surah An-Najm: 13)?' She replied: 'I was the first to ask the Prophet about this. He said: "That was Jibril. I saw him twice in his original form, descending from the sky and filling the space between the sky and the earth."'
(Narrated by At-Tirmidhi and authenticated by Al-Albani)

Cleansing the Prophet’s Heart as a Child

One of the earliest interactions between Jibril (AS) and Prophet Muhammad ﷺ occurred during his childhood. Jibril (AS) performed a surgery, where he split open the Prophet’s ﷺ chest and removed a black clot symbolizing sin, purifying his heart in preparation for his future role. This account is mentioned in Surah Al Sharh, and is narrated in Sahih Muslim: 

First Revelation in the Cave of Hira

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ used to go to the Cave of Hira for meditation and reflection. One day, while in the cave, Jibril (AS) appeared to him in his angelic form. The hadith narrated by Aisha (RA) recounts this experience:

_"The commencement of the Divine Inspiration to Allah’s Messengerﷺ was in the form of good dreams which came true like bright daylight, and then the love of seclusion was bestowed upon him. He used to go in seclusion in the Cave of Hira where he used to worship (Allah ﷻ alone) continuously for many days before returning to his family to take provisions for the stay (again). Then, suddenly, the Truth descended upon him while he was in the Cave of Hira. The angel came to him and asked him to read. The Prophet ﷺ replied, 'I do not know how to read.'

The Prophet ﷺ added, 'The angel caught me (forcefully) and pressed me so hard that I could not bear it anymore. Then he released me and again asked me to read, and I replied, "I do not know how to read." Thereupon he caught me again and pressed me a second time till I could not bear it anymore. Then he released me and again asked me to read, but again I replied, "I do not know how to read (or, what shall I read?)" Thereupon he caught me for the third time and pressed me, and then released me and said:

This marked the beginning of the Qur'anic revelation, during which the Prophet ﷺ received verses over 23 years.

Jibril (AS) as a Teacher and a Guide

Besides other duties, Jibril plays an important role in teaching the prophets (peace be upon them) and their followers their religion. On one such occasion, Jibril (AS) appeared in the form of a man to teach the fundamentals of Islam to the Prophet ﷺ and his companions in what is known as The Hadith of Jibril (AS):

The Hadith of Jibril (AS)

The Hadith is narrated by Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), who reported: One day, while we were sitting with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, a man appeared before us whose clothes were exceedingly white and whose hair was exceedingly black. There were no signs of travel upon him, and none of us knew him. He sat down close to the Prophet ﷺ and placed his knees against his knees, and he said, "O Muhammad, tell me about Islam."

The Prophet ﷺ responded: "Islam is to testify that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is His Messenger, to establish prayer, to give zakat (charity), to fast in Ramadan, and to perform Hajj to the House (Kaaba) if you are able to do so." The man then said: "You have spoken the truth."

The companions were amazed that he would ask a question and then confirm the answer. Next, Jibril asked: "Tell me about Iman (faith)."The Prophet ﷺ replied: "Iman is to believe in Allah, His angels, His Books, His messengers, and the Last Day, and to believe in divine predestination, both the good and the bad of it." Again, the man confirmed: "You have spoken the truth."

Then, he inquired: "Tell me about Ihsan (excellence)." The Prophet ﷺ answered: "Ihsan is to worship Allah as if you see Him, and if you do not see Him, then indeed He sees you." 

The man then asked: "When will the Hour (Day of Judgment) come?" The Prophet ﷺ replied: "The one being asked about it does not know more than the one asking." Jibril then asked: "Tell me about its signs." The Prophet ﷺ stated: "When a servant gives birth to her mistress, and when the barefooted, naked, poor shepherds compete in the construction of tall buildings."

After this exchange, the man stood up and left. The Prophet ﷺ instructed his companions to let him go, and he later explained:
"That was Jibril who came to teach you your religion."

On Teaching the Value of a Neighbor
"Abdullah bin Amr had a sheep slaughtered for his family, so when he came he said: 'Have you given some to our neighbor, the Jew? Have you given some to our neighbor, the Jew? I heard the Messenger of Allah saying: 'Jibril continued to advise me about (treating) the neighbors so (kindly and politely), that I thought he would order me (from Allah) to give them a share of inheritance."
(Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1943)

On Teaching the Dangers of Debt
"A man came to the Prophet ﷺ when he was on the Minbar and said: 'O Messenger of Allah, do you think that if I wield this sword of mine in the cause of Allah, with patience and seeking reward, facing the enemy, and not running away, will Allah forgive my sins?' He said: 'Yes.' When he turned away, he called him back and said: 'Jibril says: unless you are in debt.'"
(Sunan an-Nasa'i 3158)

On Recounting the Mercy of Allah ﷻ
Narrated Abu Dharr that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Jibril came to me and gave me glad tidings, that whoever dies without associating anything with Allah, then he will enter Paradise. I said: "Even if he commits adultery and theft?" He said: "Yes."
(Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2644)

On Emphasis of Personal Hygiene
The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Use the tooth stick, for the tooth stick purifies the mouth and is pleasing to the Lord. Jibril never came to me but he advised me to use the tooth stick, until I feared that it would be made obligatory for me and my Ummah. Were it not that I fear that it would be too difficult for my Ummah, I would have enjoined it upon them. And I use the tooth stick until I fear that I may make the front of my mouth sore.' (i.e. my gums) (or cause my teeth to fall out due to brushing them so often)."
(Sunan Ibn Majah 289)

On Hajj 
It was narrated from Zaid bin Khalid Al-Juhani that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “Jibril came to me and said: ‘O Muhammad! Tell your Companions to raise their voices when reciting the Talbiyah, for it is one of the symbols of Hajj.’”
(and in another narration, raise their voices with Ihlal as well)
(Sunan Ibn Majah 2923)

On What Keeps the Angels at Bay
Jibril (AS) promised to visit the Messenger of Allah ﷺ but delayed and this grieved him very much. When he came out of his house, Jibril (AS) met him. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ asked him about the reason of delay, and he replied: "We do not enter a house in which there is a dog or a portrait."
(Riyad as-Salihin 1685)

On Performing Salah
Ibn Abbas narrated that the Prophet ﷺ said: "Jibril (peace be upon him) led me (in Salat) twice at the House. So he prayed Zuhr the first time when the shadow was similar to (the length of) the strap a sandal. Then he prayed Asr when everything was similar (to the length of) its shadow. Then he prayed Maghrib when the sun had set and the fasting person breaks fast. Then he prayed Isha when the twilight had vanished. Then he prayed Fajr when Fajr (dawn) began, and when eating is prohibited for the fasting person. The second time he prayed Zuhr when the shadow of everything was similar to (the length of) it, at the time of Asr the day before. Then he prayed Asr when the shadow of everything was about twice as long as it. Then he prayed Maghrib at the same time as he did the first time. Then he prayed Isha, the later one, when a third of the night had gone. Then he prayed Subh when the land glowed. Then Jibril turned towards me and said: "O Muhammad! These are the times of the Prophets before you, and the (best) time is what is between these two times."
(Jami` at-Tirmidhi 149)

Jibril (AS) as The Holy Spirit 

The descent of Jibril (AS) upon the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is a widely known phenomenon. Jibril’s (AS) appearances, especially during the reception of the Qur'an, were characterized by intense spiritual and physical experiences for the Prophet ﷺ. One of the most vivid accounts is narrated by Aisha (RA). She said:

Another hadith mentions the Prophet’s ﷺ reaction during revelations, highlighting the difficulty he faced:

Jibril’s Relationship with the Prophet ﷺ

Jibril (AS) had a close relationship with the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. He was more than just a messenger; he was a guide, a teacher, and a source of comfort. Jibril (AS) conveyed Allah’s ﷻ love to the Prophet ﷺ, affirming that the Prophet ﷺ was dear to Allah ﷻ.

A Guiding Presence

Jibril's (AS) presence offered reassurance, especially during moments of doubt or hardship. For instance, Allah ﷻ reassures the Prophet ﷺ by stating that he has divine support:

“But if you cooperate against him—then indeed Allah is his protector, and Jibril and the righteous among the believers, and [furthermore], the angels, are [his assistants].”
(Surah At-Tahrim 66:4)

This verse illustrates the protective and guiding role Jibril (AS) had, emphasizing that he was part of a broader celestial support system that included angels and righteous believers.

In Defense of the Prophet

Moreover, Jibril’s (AS) connection to the Prophet ﷺ extended to supporting his companions. For instance, Aisha (RA) narrated:

“The Messenger of Allah ﷺ had a Minbar placed in the Masjid for Hassan to stand to boast (poetically) about the Messenger of Allah ﷺ... And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: ‘Indeed Allah has aided Hassan with the holy spirit (Jibril) as he boasts about - or - defends the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.’”
(Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2846)

This account emphasizes that Jibril (AS) not only aided the Prophet ﷺ directly but also supported his companions in their endeavors to defend and promote the message of Islam.

Comfort and Healing

Jibril’s (AS) compassion for the Prophet ﷺ is evident in his actions. In a narration, when Jibril (AS) approached the Prophet ﷺ and inquired about his suffering, he offered a healing prayer (Ruqyah), demonstrating not just a duty to deliver revelations but a personal concern for the Prophet's ﷺ well-being:

"O Muhammad! Are you suffering?" He said: "Yes." He said: "In the Name of Allah, I recite a prayer (Ruqyah) over you, from the evil of every person and evil eye. In the Name of Allah I recite a prayer (Ruqyah) over you, may Allah cure you." 
(Jami` at-Tirmidhi 972)

This interaction showcases Jibril (AS) as a source of spiritual and emotional comfort, reflecting the deep bond they shared.

A Spiritual Companion

Jibril (AS) also served as a protector and minister of the Prophet ﷺ, revealing his significant role in the Prophet's ﷺ life and mission. The Prophet ﷺ stated:

“There is no Prophet except that he has two ministers among the inhabitants of the heavens, and two ministers among the inhabitants of the earth. As for my two ministers from the inhabitants of the heavens, then they are Jibril and Mika'il, and as for my two ministers from the inhabitants of the earth, then they are Abu Bakr and 'Umar.”
(Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3680)

This declaration highlights Jibril’s (AS) esteemed position as a celestial ally, highlighting the depth of their relationship as he supported the Prophet ﷺ throughout his prophetic journey.

Jibril’s (AS) Role in Revealing the Qur’an

Jibril’s (AS) most significant role was delivering the Qur’an to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, serving as the channel through which Allah’s ﷻ divine message was revealed. This pivotal function is explicitly affirmed in the Qur’an itself: 

In these verses, Jibril (AS) is referred to as “The Trustworthy Spirit,” highlighting his integrity and the immense responsibility he bore in conveying the words of Allah ﷻ. His role was not merely to transmit the text, but to ensure its proper delivery to the heart of the Prophet ﷺ, thereby enabling him to act as a warning to humanity.

A Deepening Relationship During Ramadan

The relationship between the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and Jibril (AS) was further exemplified during the month of Ramadan. Ibn Abbas (RA) narrated:

“The Messenger of Allah ﷺ was the most generous of people, and he was even more generous during Ramadan when Jibril would meet him. Jibril used to meet him every night during Ramadan to teach him the Qur'an. The Messenger of Allah was more generous in doing good than a swiftly-blowing wind.”
(Sunan an-Nasa'i 2095)

This account reflects their interactions during this blessed month. Jibril not only delivered revelations but also engaged with the Prophet in a manner that enhanced his understanding and connection with the Qur'an. 

Modes of Recitation

The Prophet's ﷺ transmission of the Qur'an was also characterized by its diverse modes of recitation, as noted in the hadith where he clarified a misunderstanding regarding different recitations:

“I had no confusion in my mind from that time I embraced Islam, except when I recited a verse and another man recited it differently. I said: 'The Messenger of Allah ﷺ taught me this.' And the other man said: 'The Messenger of Allah ﷺ taught me too.' So I went to the Prophet ﷺ and said: 'O Prophet of Allah, did you not teach me such and such a verse?' He said: 'Yes.' The other man said: 'Did you not teach me such and such a verse?' He said: 'Yes. Jibril and Mika'il, peace be upon them, came to me, and Jibril sat on my right and Mika'il on my left. Jibril, peace be upon him, said: "Recite the Quran with one way of recitation." Mika'il said: 'Teach him more, teach him more—until there were seven modes of recitation, each of which is good and sound.'”
(Sunan an-Nasa'i 941)

This narration illustrates the collaborative effort between Jibril and Mika'il (AS) in ensuring that the Qur'an was conveyed in various valid recitations.

The Prophet’s ﷺ Challenge with Revelation

The act of receiving revelation was often a challenging experience for the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The Qur'an describes this struggle, specifically highlighting Allah's ﷻ guidance:

“"Move not your tongue concerning to make haste therewith. It is for Us to collect it and to give you the ability to recite it.' So when Jibril came to him, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ listened, and when he left, he would recite it as he had taught him.”
(Sunan an-Nasa'i 935)

This guidance from Allah ﷻ signifies the profound trust placed in the Prophet ﷺ, assuring him that the revelation would be collected in his heart. The reference to Jibril’s (AS) presence during these moments emphasizes the importance of their relationship; Jibril (AS) was there to facilitate the Prophet’s ﷺ understanding and delivery of the message.

Jibril (AS) in the Isra and Mi'raj Journey

The Isra and Mi'raj is a profound event in Islamic tradition, where the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ undertook a miraculous night journey to Jerusalem (Isra) and ascended to the heavens (Mi'raj). This extraordinary experience emphasizes the spiritual connection between the Prophet and Allah ﷻ, with Jibril (AS) playing a pivotal role throughout the journey, guiding and protecting him. Jibril (AS) introduced the Prophet ﷺ to the previous prophets and showed him the wonders of Paradise and Hell. However, at Sidrat al-Muntaha, Jibril (AS) could not proceed further, leaving the Prophet to ascend alone to meet Allah ﷻ.

"The roof of my house was opened while I was in Mecca, and Jibril descended. He opened my chest, washed it with Zamzam water, then filled it with wisdom and faith, and sealed it. Then he took my hand and ascended with me to the nearest heaven. Jibril said to the gatekeeper of the heaven: 'Open the gate.' The gatekeeper asked, 'Who is this?' He said, 'It is Jibril.'"
(Sahih al-Bukhari)

In a quote that illustrates Jibril's (AS) profound reverence for Allah ﷻ. His state of being “like a worn-out garment” signifies the overwhelming nature of the divine presence. Jabir ibn Abdullah reported:

“On the night I was taken on the night journey, I passed by the highest assembly of angels, and Jibril was like a worn-out garment due to his fear of Allah.”
(Authenticated by Al-Albani in Sahih Al-Jami’)

Protection from Evil Through Jibril's (AS) Guidance

As the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ journeyed through the night, he encountered an evil jinn intent on harming him. Jibril's (AS) role in this encounter was crucial. Yahya related:

“When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was taken on the Night Journey, he saw an evil jinn seeking him with a torch of fire. Whenever the Messenger of Allah ﷺ turned, he saw him. Jibril said to him, 'Shall I teach you some words to say? When you say them, his torch will be put out and will fall from him.' The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, 'Yes, indeed.' Jibril said, 'Say, 'I seek refuge with the Noble Face of Allah and with the complete words of Allah which neither the good person nor the corrupt can exceed, from the evil of what descends from the sky and the evil of what ascends in it, and from the evil of what is created in the earth and the evil of what comes out of it, and from the trials of the night and day, and from the visitations of the night and day, except for one that knocks with good, O Merciful!'”
(Book 51, Hadith 1742)

In this moment, Jibril (AS) exemplifies his protective role, guiding the Prophet ﷺ to invoke Allah's ﷻ refuge. His teachings serve as a shield against malevolent forces, emphasizing the significance of seeking divine protection.

Insights on Heaven with Jibril's (AS) Guidance

During the journey, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ received critical insights into charity and its rewards, further highlighting Jibril's (AS) involvement. The Prophet ﷺ remarked:

“On the night on which I was taken on the Night Journey (Isra), I saw written at the gate of Paradise: 'Charity brings a tenfold reward and a loan brings an eighteen-fold reward.' I said: 'O Jibril! Why is a loan better than charity?' He said: 'Because the beggar asks when he has something, but the one who asks for a loan does so only because he is in need.'”
(Sunan Ibn Majah 2431)

In this interaction, Jibril (AS) provides vital insights into the nature of giving and compassion. His explanation illuminates the deeper understanding of charity, emphasizing empathy towards those who seek loans out of genuine need.

Jibril's (AS) Revelation of Consequences in Hell

During the Mi'raj, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ also witnessed the punishment of those who engaged in harmful actions. Anas (RA) reported:

“The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'During the Mi'raj (the Night of Ascension), I saw a group of people who were scratching their chests and faces with their copper nails. I asked, 'Who are these people, O Jibril?' Jibril replied: 'These are the people who ate flesh of others (by backbiting) and trampled people's honour.'”
(Riyad as-Salihin 1526)

In this vision, Jibril (AS) serves as the informant, clarifying the consequences of backbiting and slander. His role here emphasizes the moral accountability that individuals bear for their actions and the grave repercussions of harming others through words.

Jibril’s (AS) Role in Battle

Jibril also played a crucial role in battles, particularly during the Battle of Badr. He led the angels to support the Muslims, striking down their enemies. This is mentioned in Quran, particularly in Surah Al anfal and Surah Al Imran: 

Jibril (AS) has obedient armies of angels who follow his commands and support the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ when Jibril (AS) orders them to do so. Jibril (AS) is obeyed in the heavens, just as the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is obeyed on earth, making both of them noble and commanding in their respective realms. The shaytan (arabic for devil) took note of this as well, owing to this hadith:

Not only did the Archangel help with leading armies during battles, but also as a messenger in favor of the Muslim army, informing the Prophet ﷺ of the events of battles and devising strategies. One such example is the Battle of the Trench (or Ghazwat al-Khandaq) which saw another divine intervention, as recorded in various historical texts. Jibril’s (AS) involvement here, as in other battles, is less about leading the army and more about providing strategic and spiritual support.

One narration in Sahih al-Bukhari mentions that after the victory in the Battle of the Trench, Jibril (AS) appeared to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and instructed him to immediately pursue Banu Qurayza, the Jewish tribe that had betrayed the Muslims during the battle. This highlights Jibril’s (AS) role as a commander and guide in the aftermath of battles, helping the Prophet ﷺ ensure justice is served.

Another instance of Jibril's (AS) aid to the Prophet ﷺ and the Muslim armies is the Conquest of Mecca, where it was mostly a peaceful victory, and in which Jibril's role was on of support, highlighting how he's present during crucial moments of Islamic history. Another hadith says:

"The Messenger of Allah ﷺ was camping between Dajnan and 'Usfan, besieging the idolaters. The idolaters said: 'These people have a prayer that is dearer to them than their sons and daughters. Plan it, then strike them with a single heavy blow.' Jibril (AS), came and told the Messenger of Allah ﷺ to divide his companions into two groups, then lead one group in prayer while the others faced the enemy, on guard and with weapons at the ready. So he led them in praying one rak'ah, then they moved back and the others moved forward, and he led them in praying on rak'ah, so that each one of them had prayed one rak'ah with the Prophet ﷺ and the Prophet ﷺ had prayed two rak'ahs."
(Sunan an-Nasa'i 1544)

Although the Qur'an doesn't mention these later instances explicitly, hadith collections and classical Islamic texts provide details that affirm Jibril's (AS) pivotal role in multiple conflicts and key events.

Jibril’s (AS) Last Appearance to the Prophet ﷺ

Jibril’s final appearance to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was during his last days when he informed him of his impending death. The Prophet ﷺ remarked:

Jibril (AS) imparted valuable wisdom to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ regarding life, death, and the impermanence of worldly attachments. One of the most famous sayings is:

This advice was outside of the role of the messenger and highlights the transient nature of life and the certainty of meeting Allah ﷻ in the Hereafter.

Jibril (AS) and Allah's ﷻ Favor

Jibril bears witness to Allah's ﷻ love for His servants, as Allah ﷻ calls to him to let the name of said person known, the Prophet ﷺ said:

"When Allah loves a servant, He commands Jibril to love him. Jibril then announces to the inhabitants of the heavens that Allah loves this person, so love him, and thus the inhabitants of the heavens and the Earth love him, and acceptance is placed for him on the earth where people love said person as well. And when Allah hates a slave, He calls Jibril and says: 'I hate so- and-so, so hate him.' Then Jibril also hates him. He (Jibril) then announces amongst the inhabitants of heavens: 'Verily, Allah hates so- and-so, so you also hate him.' Thus they also start to hate him. Then he becomes the object of hatred on the earth as well."
(Riyad as-Salihin 387)

"Mu'awiyah, (RA) said: 'The Messenger of Allah ﷺ went out to a circle - meaning, of his Companions - and said: 'What are you doing?' They said: 'We have come together to pray to Allah and praise Him for guiding us to His religion and blessing us with you.' He said: 'I ask you, by Allah, is that the only reason?' They said: 'By Allah, we have not come together for any other reason.' He said: 'I am not asking you to swear to an oath because of any suspicion; rather Jibril came to me and told me that Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, is boasting of you to the angels.'"
(Sunan an-Nasa'i 5426)

Jibril's (AS) Role in Praying (sending blessings) upon the Prophet ﷺ

On Heaven and Hell

It was narrated from Abu Hurairah (RA) that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "When Allah created Paradise and Hell, He sent Jibril, peace be upon him, to Paradise and said: 'Look at it and at what I have prepared for its people in it.' He looked at it, then he came back and said: 'By Your Glory, no one will hear of it but he will enter it.' So He commanded that it be surrounded by hardships and said: 'Go and look at it and at what I have prepared for its people in it.' He looked at it and saw that it had been surrounded with hardships. He (Jibril) said: 'By Your Glory, I fear that no one will enter it.' He (Allah) said: 'Go and look at the Fire and at what I have prepared for its people in it.' So he looked at it and parts of it were piled upon other parts. He came back and said: 'By Your Glory, no one will enter it.' So He commanded that it be surrounded with pleasures and said: 'Go and look at it.' So he looked at it and saw that it was surrounded with pleasures. He came back and said: 'By Your Glory, I fear that no one will be saved from it and all will enter it.'"
(Sunan an-Nasa'i 3763)

The Death of All Beings, Including Jibril (AS)

As the Day of Judgment approaches, Allah ﷻ issues a divine command to the Angel of Death: "Take the souls of all living beings." This decree initiates the gradual cessation of life across the universe. One by one, the souls of humans, animals, jinn, and every living thing are taken. The world falls into complete silence and stillness, devoid of any form of life. 

Then, the Angel of Death reaches the most exalted angels—those who are closest to Allah ﷻ. Among them are Jibril (AS), the messenger of revelation; Mika'il (AS), the angel responsible for the provision and rainfall; and Israfil (AS), the one entrusted with the blowing of the trumpet that will signal the Day of Resurrection.

He asks Allah ﷻ, “How shall I take my own soul, O my Lord?” To this, Allah ﷻ replies, “Do it in the same manner that you have taken the souls of others.” The Angel of Death obeys, and the immense pain of death overcomes him, just as it does for every other creature. He too dies, and now, nothing in existence remains—no humans, no jinn, no angels, not even the Angel of Death. Only Allah, the Eternal, the One, remains.

After all beings have perished, Allah ﷻ, in His majesty and glory, proclaims: “To whom belongs the dominion today?” No one remains to answer. The entire universe is silent, as only Allah ﷻ remains. He then answers His own question: “It belongs to Allah, the One, the Subduer.”

Conclusion

Jibril (Gabriel, AS) occupies a unique and unparalleled role in Islamic theology. From his magnificent form to his crucial role in delivering revelations, guiding prophets, and aiding in battles, Jibril’s importance in Islam is immense. His relationship with Prophet Muhammad ﷺ  was marked by love, guidance, and mutual respect. Through Jibril (AS), the world received the final revelation, the Qur'an, and many lessons of wisdom that continue to guide believers to this day.